Fig. 8

KpOMV reduce influenza A virus replication in human precision-cut lung slices. Human PCLS were incubated with 1 µg/mL OMVs (Lp/Kp) for 20 h and then additionally infected with influenza A/California/04/2009(H1N1pdm) for 48 h. UV inactivation of virus served as a control. A Cytotoxicity was determined by quantification of released LDH from PCLS and is depicted in % compared to a total lysis. B Mx1 expression was quantified by qPCR and is presented relative to RPS18 and untreated control PCLS. C CXCL10 release was determined by ELISA and is depicted in ng/mL. D Viral replication was determined by plaque assay and is depicted in pfu/mL. Bars show mean values of three to five biological replicates + SEM. E Proposed model for induction of antiviral immunity of OMVs in the lung. Statistics: 1-way ANOVA (A-C), Friedman-test (D); *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001; * compared to IAV infected, but not pre-treated PCLS, # as depicted in the graph; ns = not significant; n = 5