Fig. 2

Morphological and ultrastructural evaluations of the spermatozoa from IQUB^842del patient. A and B Papanicolaou staining and scanning electron microscopy both showed normal sperm morphology of IQUB^842del patient. Scale bars, 5 μm. C Spermatozoa cross-sections of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed nine radial spokes (RSs) arranged in normal control and partial loss of RSs (red arrow) in IQUB^842del patient. D Percentage of cross-sections with RSs loss in normal control and IQUB^842del patient. E Spermatozoa longitudinal-sections of TEM showed that RS1-3 were arranged in 96-nm repeats in normal control, whereas in IQUB^842del patient there were only two intact RSs per 96-nm repeat without RS1. Red arrow indicates RS1, green arrow indicates RS2, and cyan arrow indicates RS3. Yellow rectangles represent the region where the gray values are measured. F Sperm movement paths and flagellar swing amplitudes in normal control and IQUB^842del patient