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Fig. 2 | Cell Communication and Signaling

Fig. 2

From: Androgens as the “old age stick” in skeletal muscle

Fig. 2

Testosterone, Inflammation, and Sarcopenia: an intricate network. Sarcopenia is often associated with aging, reduced mobility, physical disability, metabolic disorders and lower sex hormone levels. Declining testosterone levels contribute to a pro-inflammatory state, marked by elevated CRP, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. This inflammatory milieu exacerbates frailty, osteoporosis, obesity, and insulin resistance, thus increasing the risk of fractures and disability

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