Fig. 2

Testosterone, Inflammation, and Sarcopenia: an intricate network. Sarcopenia is often associated with aging, reduced mobility, physical disability, metabolic disorders and lower sex hormone levels. Declining testosterone levels contribute to a pro-inflammatory state, marked by elevated CRP, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. This inflammatory milieu exacerbates frailty, osteoporosis, obesity, and insulin resistance, thus increasing the risk of fractures and disability